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211.
J. C. Dann A. H. Holzheid T. L. Grove H. Y. Mcsween 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2001,36(6):793-806
Abstract— An experimental investigation of the Shergotty meteorite was performed at 0.1 MPa under anhydrous conditions at the quartz‐fayalite‐magnetite buffer and at 100 and 200 MPa under H2O‐saturated conditions at the nickel‐nickel oxide buffer. The results of these experiments are used to infer magmatic conditions recorded by co‐crystallization of augite and pigeonite phenocrysts found in Shergotty and to investigate the effect of H2O on fractional crystallization paths followed by shergottite magmas. The phase relations and compositions of the homogeneous magnesian pyroxene cores in Shergotty are most closely approximated by crystallization under H2O‐saturated conditions at 1120 °C (± 10 °C) and 56 MPa (± 18 MPa), corresponding to dissolved H2O contents of 1.8 wt% (± 0.6 wt%) and a depth of 5 km (± 1.5 km) in the martian crust (uncertainties are 2s? values). The Shergotty magma then lost this water during ascent and eruption. Fractional crystallization of the Shergotty magma under anhydrous conditions produces liquids that follow a strong Fe‐enrichment trend at nearly constant SiO2. Crystallization under H2O‐saturated conditions generates derivative liquids, depleted in FeO and Al2O3 and enriched in SiO2, that are compositionally similar to the Mars Pathfinder andesite rock composition. The presence of ~1.8 wt% water in Shergotty parental magmas could result from assimilation of hydrated crustal materials or from dehydration of hydrous phases in the mantle source region. 相似文献
212.
Data from general tax commissions held in Sunnfjord Fogderi, Norway, reveal a substantial decline in rural prosperity between
1667 and 1723. Late seventeenth and eighteenth century incidence of serious physical damage to farmlands is documented in
tax relief proceedings. Environmental deterioration characterised the early years of the Little Ice Age in western Norway. 相似文献
213.
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology - One-atmosphere melting experiments are used to assess the role of clinopyroxene in producing the compositional variations observed in mid-ocean-ridge... 相似文献
214.
Origin of calc-alkaline series lavas at Medicine Lake Volcano by fractionation,assimilation and mixing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Timothy L. Grove David C. Gerlach Thomas W. Sando 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1982,80(2):160-182
The results of experimental studies and examination of variations in major elements, trace elements and Sr isotopes indicate
that fractionation, assimilation and magma mixing combined to produce the lavas at Medicine Lake Highland. Some characteristics
of the compositional differences among the members of the calc-alkalic association (basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite) can be
produced by fractional crystallization, and a fractionation model reproduces the major element trends. Other variations are
inconsistent with a fractionation origin. Elevated incompatible element abundances (K and Rb) observed in lavas intermediate
between basalt and rhyolite can be produced through assimilation of a crustal component. An accompanying increase in 87Sr/86Sr from ∼ 0.07030 in basalt to ∼0.7040 in rhyolite is also consistent with crustal assimilation. The compatible trace element
contents (Ni and Sr) of intermediate lavas can not be produced by fractional crystallization, and suggest a magma-mixing origin
for some lavas. Unusual phenocryst assemblages and textural criteria in these lavas provide additional evidence for magma
mixing.
A phase diagram constructed from the low pressure melting experiments identifies a distributary reaction point, where olivine+augite
react to pigeonite. Parental basalts reach this point at low pressures and undergo iron-enrichment at constant SiO2 content. The resulting liquid line of descent is characteristic of the tholeiitic trend. Calc-alkalic differentiation trends
circumvent the distributary reaction point by three processes: fractionation at elevated pH2O, assimilation and magma mixing. 相似文献
215.
Steady-state talc dissolution rates, at far-from-equilibrium conditions, were measured as a function of aqueous silica and magnesium activity, pH from 1 to 10.6, and temperature from 25 to 150 °C. All rates were measured in mixed flow reactors and exhibited stoichiometric or close to stoichiometric dissolution. All measured rates at pH > 2 obtained at a fixed ionic strength of 0.02 M can be described to within experimental uncertainty using
216.
Ben?E.?MandlerEmail author Julie?M.?Donnelly-Nolan Timothy?L.?Grove 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,168(4):1066
Melting experiments have been performed at 1 bar (anhydrous) and 1- and 2-kbar H2O-saturated conditions to study the effect of water on the differentiation of a basaltic andesite. The starting material was a mafic pumice from the compositionally zoned tuff deposited during the ~75 ka caldera-forming eruption of Newberry Volcano, a rear-arc volcanic center in the central Oregon Cascades. Pumices in the tuff of Newberry caldera (TNC) span a continuous silica range from 53 to 74 wt% and feature an unusually high-Na2O content of 6.5 wt% at 67 wt% SiO2. This wide range of magmatic compositions erupted in a single event makes the TNC an excellent natural laboratory in which to study the conditions of magmatic differentiation. Our experimental results and mineral–melt hygrometers/thermometers yield similar estimates of pre-eruptive H2O contents and temperatures of the TNC liquids. The most primitive (mafic) basaltic andesites record a pre-eruptive H2O content of 1.5 wt% and a liquidus temperature of 1,060–1,070 °C at upper crustal pressure. This modest H2O content produces a distinctive fractionation trend that is much more enriched in Na, Fe, and Ti than the calc-alkaline trend typical of wetter arc magmas, but slightly less enriched in Fe and Ti than the tholeiitic trend of dry magmas. Modest H2O contents might be expected at Newberry Volcano given its location in the Cascade rear arc, and the same fractionation trend is also observed in the rim andesites of the rear-arc Medicine Lake volcano in the southern Cascades. However, the Na–Fe–Ti enrichment characteristic of modest H2O (1–2 wt%) is also observed to the west of Newberry in magmas erupted from the arc axis, such as the Shevlin Park Tuff and several lava flows from the Three Sisters. This shows that modest-H2O magmas are being generated directly beneath the arc axis as well as in the rear arc. Because liquid lines of descent are particularly sensitive to water content in the range of 0–3 wt% H2O, they provide a quantitative and reliable tool for precisely determining pre-eruptive H2O content using major-element data from pumices or lava flows. Coupled enrichment in Na, Fe, and Ti relative to the calc-alkaline trend is a general feature of fractional crystallization in the presence of modest amounts of H2O, which may be used to look for “damp” fractionation sequences elsewhere. 相似文献
217.
Gregory J. Holk Marty Grove Carl E. Jacobson Gordon B. Haxel 《International Geology Review》2017,59(5-6):639-663
ABSTRACTStable isotopes combined with pre-existing 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology at the Gavilan Hills and Orocopia Mountains in southeastern California record two stages of fluid–rock interaction: (1) Stage 1 is related to prograde metamorphism as Orocopia Schist was accreted to the base of the crust during late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic Laramide flat subduction. (2) Stage 2 affected the Orocopia Schist and is related to middle Cenozoic exhumation along detachment faults. There is no local evidence that schist-derived fluids infiltrated structurally overlying continental rocks. Mineral δ18O values from Orocopia Schist in the lower plate of the Chocolate Mountains fault and Gatuna normal fault in the Gavilan Hills are in equilibrium at 490–580°C with metamorphic water (δ18O = 7–11‰). Phengite and biotite δD values from the Orocopia Schist and upper plate suggest metamorphic fluids (δD ~ –40‰). In contrast, final exhumation of the schist along the Orocopia Mountains detachment fault (OMDF) in the Orocopia Mountains was associated with alteration of prograde biotite and amphibole to chlorite (T ~ 350–400°C) and the influx of meteoric-hydrothermal fluids at 24–20 Ma. Phengites from a thin mylonite zone at the top of the Orocopia Schist and alteration chlorites have the lowest fluid δD values, suggesting that these faults were an enhanced zone of meteoric fluid (δD < –70‰) circulation. Variable δD values in Orocopia Schist from structurally lower chlorite and biotite zones indicate a lesser degree of interaction with meteoric-hydrothermal fluids. High fluid δ18O values (6–12‰) indicate low water–rock ratios for the OMDF. A steep thermal gradient developed across the OMDF at the onset of middle Cenozoic slip likely drove a more vigorous hydrothermal system within the Orocopia Mountains relative to the equivalent age Gatuna fault in the Gavilan Hills. 相似文献
218.
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220.
Using 3D Printing to Create a Robust and Compact Peristaltic Field Pump: An Update to the Montana Drill Pump 下载免费PDF全文
The collection of water samples from springs, streams, and wells is a critical component of field hydrogeological studies. Fieldwork, especially in mountainous terrain, often involves hiking to remote springs and streams. It is logistically and physically difficult to carry bulky, heavy sampling equipment such as large peristaltic pumps with built‐in batteries in these areas. To address this problem, researchers at the University of Montana designed the Montana Drill Pump (MDP) roughly 30 years ago to provide a compact, low‐cost and portable option for sampling with a peristaltic pump in the backcountry (Woessner 2007 ). Although the MDP is popular, with the advent of 3D printing techniques, a more robust and precise fitting pump design can be inexpensively created that can be quickly assembled in the lab or field. This new pump design was tested on multiple backpacking sampling campaigns in the Panamint Mountains of southern California, Mount Hood in Oregon, and Glacier National Park in northern Montana during the summer of 2017. The design was proven to be easy to use and durable in the field and offers a rugged, updated, more precisely fitting option to the MDP. 相似文献